The Downfall of the Tokugawa Shogunate Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

The Downfall of the Tokugawa Shogunate - Thesis Example Shogun had chosen to close Japan toward the West. In any case, constrained by different circumstances, Tokugawa Shogun was pushed to end the order and open Japan toward the West. This was a positive sign that Shogun was irresolute.2 However, other than that there were various different purposes for the breakdown of the Tokugawa Shogun. The Shogun’s force and impact was debilitating. The intensity of Shogun over countless Daimyo had just declined by 1862. Commodore Perry of the United States drove Shogun to permit Western forces into Japan.3 The Emperor mentioned the nearness of the Shogun to Kyoto in 1863 and constrained him to consent to a majestic order to oust the Western forces from Japan. Following a year, the Shogun was again sent for Kyoto, where he had to assent that eventually the Emperor would coordinate the daimyo with their realm.4 The daimyos of Echzaw, Choshu, and Satsuma were likewise conceded as Imperial advocates. In 1866, the Emperor requested the Shogun to b erate Choshu yet the Shogun himself was overwhelmed by Choshu. From that point on inward issues developed which prompted interior clashes and uprisings lastly on the ninth of November 1867 Shogun chose to leave his post.5 This was the finish of the Tokugawa Shogunate and the starting of Meiji Restoration and Japan’s modernization. All through their system Tokugawa Shoguns endeavored to manufacture and reinforce their own impact and authority. They applied their most prominent exertion to keep the force in their grasp. Lamentably, they neglected to do as such. There were remote interruption and inward issues and clashes which prompted the steady debilitating of the Shoguns’ power. This realized the possible destruction. As contended by B.R. Chatterji, â€Å"Probably no contemporary European culture was progressively enlightened and cleaned. Be that as it may, it was anything but a living, developing creature. It needed to change and its principles didn't want change.†6 (Chaurasla 16) The

A recent crisis in tourism in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

An ongoing emergency in the travel industry in Thailand - Essay Example Focus of conversation in this paper is Thailand as the second â€largest player in the travel industry area in the locale and one of the main 30 goals in the globe both in roundabout and direct supporter of GDP and in supreme terms. In 2010, 15.8m remote vacationers visited Thailand. Be that as it may, the appearance of the remote traveler pointedly declined by 12.9% in May 2010 as differentiated the comparing time frame in 2009. Over the most recent two decades, Thailand had seen in a steady progression most exceedingly awful emergency. The decrease in numbers in 2010 was because of since quite a while ago run road dissents in Bangkok that dampened the outside voyagers. In the fag year's end 2011, Thailand met with another emergency †phenomenal flood, which crushed its economy and the travel industry part. Thailand has been viewed as one of the South-East Asia’s biggest economies and has been figured as one of the regions’ favored goal for speculations. Out of s ight of worldwide monetary downturn and political disturbance it saw in 2010, the nation is gradually recouping on solid stages. While the travel industry delays to contribute a significant piece of its fare incomes and is set for additional development in 2012 also and there has been an obvious increment in its fare incomes however in the fag year's end 2011, Thailand met with another emergency †extraordinary flood, which crushed its economy and the travel industry division. The travel industry has been viewed as probably the biggest area of the Thailand’s economy and a significant outside cash earner.... (Oxford Publishing Group, 2009, p.131). This exploration exposition will break down the different emergencies saw by the Thai’s the travel industry and ongoing ruin flood in 2011 and how it has affected the vacationer business of Thailand and recommend intends to devise reasonable techniques to alleviate the future emergencies from affecting the Thailand’s sightseers industry. Investigation In 2010, 15.8m remote vacationers visited Thailand. Be that as it may, the appearance of the outside vacationer forcefully declined by 12.9% in May 2010 as differentiated the relating time frame in 2009. The decrease in numbers in 2010 was because of since quite a while ago run road dissents in Bangkok that demoralized the outside sightseers. As WTTC report 2011, the travel industry straightforwardly contributed BT 617.7bn or 5.8% of its economy. (Oxford Publishing Group, 2011). In the event that one glance at the above diagram, Thailand’s economy had performed since Q4/2008 d ecently when looked at neighboring countries like Hong Kong and Singapore yet its presentation was poor when contrasted with Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. (Jitsuchon and Patanarangsun, 2009, p.2). The quantity of outside traveler visited Thailand was at its top in January 2008 however plunged to exceptionally low level in 2009. Regardless of the way that the Thailand’s positive future viewpoint for since quite a while ago run development , both 2008 , 2009 and 2011 were the hardest years for the Thai’s the travel industry because of political strife that happened both in Pattaya and in Bangkok in April 2009 and destroying floods in 2011. (Jitsuchon and Patanarangsun, 2009, p.6). WTTCs benchmark estimations of Thailand’s the travel industry impact on its economy which has assessed the more extensive contribution of the travel industry both backhanded and direct over all areas. Henceforth, it is assessed that the vacationer industry’s net commitment to Thailand’s

The Teachers How-To Guide to Group Mind Mapping - Focus

The Teachers How-To Guide to Group Mind Mapping - Focus How to keep students engaged and productive within group activities is a never ending challenge for even the best teacher. Ok, it looks like we stated the obvious, but what is the solution? Group mind mapping. Mind what? Mind mapping. Mind mapping is an easy to learn technique  that builds effective structuring right along with students hand-on participation and collaboration. The bottom line? It is a proven and extremely successful method to develop a number of life’s essential skills while retaining more information, increasing productivity  and tapping into inner creativity. A whole new way of student teamwork setting them up for success. Take a look at this short video created by the Cork Institute of Technology  to learn more about the benefits of group mind mapping: Mind mapping in a group setting allows students to Break complex tasks down into smaller, more manageable parts Manage and plan time Solve more complex problems than they would on their own                                                 Develop creative ideas together Improve their problem solving abilities Work on their team and communication  skills @PStieple @mindmeister Students working in a group mapping project task and deadlines for Professions in Healthcare. #caccbest #cpsbest #AEO pic.twitter.com/7HAiIazWA8 â€" CACC-CPS (@CACC_CPS) October 27, 2016 Group Mind Mapping  in and Outside of the Classroom New-media literacy, cognitive load management and virtual collaboration are among the ten most important skills for the workforce of 2020.  Future Work Skills 2020 Try Mind Mapping in Your Classroom Get Started Its free! Get Started Brainstorming in Groups One of the most important uses of group mind mapping is brainstorming. The idea is to have the students minds free flowing with ideas and capture them as quickly as possible. It is also a great way to get the energy flowing and make the students feel equally involved. Online mind mapping tools such as  MindMeister support  real-time collaboration, which means that multiple students can work together on a mind map at the same time, each one contributing ideas from his or her own device. In MindMeister, each contribution made to the map is time stamped and marked with the student’s personal color code. In MindMeister’s History View the entire evolution of the map can then be reviewed. This allows the students to hold other group members accountable for completing their share of the assignment. No more slackers in your class! How to Brainstorm in a Mind Map Students must add the subject of their brainstorming session in the center of the mind map. As the ideas are beginning to flow, the students can then create branches stemming from the main idea in the middle. Each idea can again branch off into related sub-ideas and so on. As the ideas are being added to the mind map, they should be written in keywords that can later be expanded upon. The students should not be focusing so much on organization at this point but rather trying to record all ideas. And remember, all ideas are good ideas while brainstorming! After the brainstorming session, the students can then evaluate, vote on, and organize the ideas they’ve collected. Topics can easily be rearranged, grouped or removed. Students can make the mind map their own by adding colors, images and links related to their topics. Remember: Images are known to increase imagination! Collaboration via  Mobile Devices MindMeister offers free mobile apps for iPhone, iPad and Android devices which the students can use to access their maps while at home or during their commute to school. Managing Group Projects and Tasks MindMeister offers basic task management capabilities that students can use to plan school projects and assign tasks to each other. Each topic in the map can quickly be turned into a task with due date, priority and assignee. For bigger, more elaborate projects, students can use MeisterTask, MindMeister’s little brother, which also integrates with the mind mapping tool. In MeisterTask students can create visual project boards and arrange their to-dos in sections. How to get started with MeisterTask Create a project board in MeisterTask and invite students to it via email.  They can sign in with their existing MindMeister credentials. Setup the board to fit with your project’s particular needs: You can create a simple To Do Doing Done workflow or create sections for different activities. If the project you’re working on is a school newspaper for instance, your sections might be Articles Design Images General To-Dos. Create tasks in the project  and assign them to the students responsible. You can also import tasks directly from a MindMeister mind map. Add due dates to the tasks and a description if necessary. Students can complete tasks as soon as they’re done. Creating Group Presentations Students can turn their mind maps into dynamic slideshows directly in MindMeister using the built-in presentation mode. Group presentations not only allow the students to put trust in one another to properly prepare but also to present the information they worked so hard to put together. How to create a mind map presentation Once they’ve successfully created their slideshow, students can connect one of their devices to a projector and project their presentation onto a screen in front of the class while they talk. Alternatively, they can also broadcast their map to the other  students  that have the map open on their device at the same time. Group Studying Students can also use group mind mapping to study for an exam or an upcoming test. Group studying is the perfect way for students to go over material that they may have missed during class. There is also a greater chance for the areas that they feel uncertain about to be the topic of discussion in the group. An interactive environment promotes creativity and a much deeper learning experience of the material. Teaching Ideas for Group Mind Mapping Fill-in Mind Mapping: Construct a mind map with material that will be on the exam. Replace the main concept labels with question marks and leave only the subtopic material. Have them fill in the topics that structurally makes sense. Provide students with a word bank of concepts and have them create a mind map with these and expand the map with more information. Students can be given extra credit for adding their own creative labels and ideas. This is a guest post by Courtney Miller.  Courtney is Head of Marketing at a dental practice in Boston, Massachusetts. In her spare time she plays competitive squash, travels and loves to sky-dive! You can connect with her on Facebook. Try Group Mind Mapping with Your Students Get Started Its free! Get Started The Teachers How-To Guide to Group Mind Mapping - Focus How to keep students engaged and productive within group activities is a never ending challenge for even the best teacher. Ok, it looks like we stated the obvious, but what is the solution? Group mind mapping. Mind what? Mind mapping. Mind mapping is an easy to learn technique  that builds effective structuring right along with students hand-on participation and collaboration. The bottom line? It is a proven and extremely successful method to develop a number of life’s essential skills while retaining more information, increasing productivity  and tapping into inner creativity. A whole new way of student teamwork setting them up for success. Take a look at this short video created by the Cork Institute of Technology  to learn more about the benefits of group mind mapping: Mind mapping in a group setting allows students to Break complex tasks down into smaller, more manageable parts Manage and plan time Solve more complex problems than they would on their own                                                 Develop creative ideas together Improve their problem solving abilities Work on their team and communication  skills @PStieple @mindmeister Students working in a group mapping project task and deadlines for Professions in Healthcare. #caccbest #cpsbest #AEO pic.twitter.com/7HAiIazWA8 â€" CACC-CPS (@CACC_CPS) October 27, 2016 Group Mind Mapping  in and Outside of the Classroom New-media literacy, cognitive load management and virtual collaboration are among the ten most important skills for the workforce of 2020.  Future Work Skills 2020 Try Mind Mapping in Your Classroom Get Started Its free! Get Started Brainstorming in Groups One of the most important uses of group mind mapping is brainstorming. The idea is to have the students minds free flowing with ideas and capture them as quickly as possible. It is also a great way to get the energy flowing and make the students feel equally involved. Online mind mapping tools such as  MindMeister support  real-time collaboration, which means that multiple students can work together on a mind map at the same time, each one contributing ideas from his or her own device. In MindMeister, each contribution made to the map is time stamped and marked with the student’s personal color code. In MindMeister’s History View the entire evolution of the map can then be reviewed. This allows the students to hold other group members accountable for completing their share of the assignment. No more slackers in your class! How to Brainstorm in a Mind Map Students must add the subject of their brainstorming session in the center of the mind map. As the ideas are beginning to flow, the students can then create branches stemming from the main idea in the middle. Each idea can again branch off into related sub-ideas and so on. As the ideas are being added to the mind map, they should be written in keywords that can later be expanded upon. The students should not be focusing so much on organization at this point but rather trying to record all ideas. And remember, all ideas are good ideas while brainstorming! After the brainstorming session, the students can then evaluate, vote on, and organize the ideas they’ve collected. Topics can easily be rearranged, grouped or removed. Students can make the mind map their own by adding colors, images and links related to their topics. Remember: Images are known to increase imagination! Collaboration via  Mobile Devices MindMeister offers free mobile apps for iPhone, iPad and Android devices which the students can use to access their maps while at home or during their commute to school. Managing Group Projects and Tasks MindMeister offers basic task management capabilities that students can use to plan school projects and assign tasks to each other. Each topic in the map can quickly be turned into a task with due date, priority and assignee. For bigger, more elaborate projects, students can use MeisterTask, MindMeister’s little brother, which also integrates with the mind mapping tool. In MeisterTask students can create visual project boards and arrange their to-dos in sections. How to get started with MeisterTask Create a project board in MeisterTask and invite students to it via email.  They can sign in with their existing MindMeister credentials. Setup the board to fit with your project’s particular needs: You can create a simple To Do Doing Done workflow or create sections for different activities. If the project you’re working on is a school newspaper for instance, your sections might be Articles Design Images General To-Dos. Create tasks in the project  and assign them to the students responsible. You can also import tasks directly from a MindMeister mind map. Add due dates to the tasks and a description if necessary. Students can complete tasks as soon as they’re done. Creating Group Presentations Students can turn their mind maps into dynamic slideshows directly in MindMeister using the built-in presentation mode. Group presentations not only allow the students to put trust in one another to properly prepare but also to present the information they worked so hard to put together. How to create a mind map presentation Once they’ve successfully created their slideshow, students can connect one of their devices to a projector and project their presentation onto a screen in front of the class while they talk. Alternatively, they can also broadcast their map to the other  students  that have the map open on their device at the same time. Group Studying Students can also use group mind mapping to study for an exam or an upcoming test. Group studying is the perfect way for students to go over material that they may have missed during class. There is also a greater chance for the areas that they feel uncertain about to be the topic of discussion in the group. An interactive environment promotes creativity and a much deeper learning experience of the material. Teaching Ideas for Group Mind Mapping Fill-in Mind Mapping: Construct a mind map with material that will be on the exam. Replace the main concept labels with question marks and leave only the subtopic material. Have them fill in the topics that structurally makes sense. Provide students with a word bank of concepts and have them create a mind map with these and expand the map with more information. Students can be given extra credit for adding their own creative labels and ideas. This is a guest post by Courtney Miller.  Courtney is Head of Marketing at a dental practice in Boston, Massachusetts. In her spare time she plays competitive squash, travels and loves to sky-dive! You can connect with her on Facebook. Try Group Mind Mapping with Your Students Get Started Its free! Get Started

Buffalo Bill and Disney Essay - 2756 Words

Buffalo Bill and Disney More than seventy years after Buffalo Bill â€Å"taught† the history of the West to a curious nation, Disneyland embarked on a strikingly similar course. Relying on creative marketing, star appeal, the American fascination with all things western, and, most important, an exceedingly glib portrayal of history, Disneyland in a strange way completed the story that Buffalo Bill started in 1883. Although the eras, to be sure, were decidedly different, history was delivered in exactly the same way. The west is an idea that has always fascinated the American people. Buffalo Bill was the first to understand the salability of this concept with his endearing, albeit distorted road show of the late 19th and early 20th†¦show more content†¦In one year alone, 1899, the show covered 11,000 miles in two hundred days, giving 341 performances in 132 cities. The show was enormously successful and profoundly powerful as a shaping force in the way America saw the west. The problem, of course, is that the show did more than entertain—it also became a sort of travelling museum and the definitive word on a vital period of America’s past. What lessons, exactly, did the show teach and whose values did the Buffalo Bill show endorse? The program of the show, a website notes, â€Å"presented itself as a source of knowledge, authority, and authenticity about the west.† (http://xroads.virginia.edu) This mixing of fantasy with reality, of myth and history, belied the official sounding nature of the show and its program, not to mention the visual nature of the presentation, which must have seemed real. The blending of fact and fiction, not surprisingly, carried over to Cody himself, as many became confused with him and the character of Buffalo Bill. More important to history, though, the stereotype of the American Indian was reinforced, night after night, as Buffalo Bill and his cast of nearly 500 actors played out scene after scene wh ere the Indian was nothing more than a mounted warrior destined to lose to the American individual, taming the frontier, as it were,Show MoreRelatedDisney Parks Vs. Hong Kong1842 Words   |  8 PagesThe very name â€Å"Disney† immediately evokes thoughts of parents and their children happily bustling around one of many theme or water parks in the United States, Tokyo, Paris or Hong Kong. Meeting characters, taking rides and watching spectacular live performances of kid-centric shows are all part of the fun. But while Disney is certainly enjoyable for the young, it’s also enjoyable for the young at heart, which includes practically everyone. 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From The Ballad of Davy Crockett This song that was written by Disney studio about Davy Crockett is just made for the entertainment about the west in the 50’s, even though David was actually born in a small cabin beside the banks of the Nolichucky river, not on a mountaintop. He did not kill a bear when he was onlyRead More Privacy in the Internet Essay2034 Words   |  9 Pagescollect and mine data of young children without their parents’ consent. It does not in any way prevent the companies from misusing the data which there were allowed to collect. In 2000, the Federal Trade Commission has filed a complaint against a Disney-affiliate online store, www.Toysmart.com. The website collected children’s personal information without receiving parental consent and did not allow the information to be removed from their records. 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My Interview At Christian Brothers University - 1836 Words

My Interview The person I interviewed for this assignment was Professor Steve Rivera. He is a professor at Christian Brothers University (CBU). Mr. Rivera is the department chair for the adult program and the department chair in the psychology department for CBU. He has a bachelor’s degree, -EdD in Counseling Education Supervision, and is a Licensed School Counselor. The interview took place in Mr. Rivera’s office at Christian Brothers on June 17, 2016 at approximately 1:30 P.M. We decided to meet there due to the limited time we had since he had summer classes later on that day. Even though Mr. Rivera had a desk in his office, he set two chair aside for the interview so we could be face to face instead of him being on one side of the desk and me on the other. His approach told me that he was very excited and motivated to help me with this project. After going to the MSU counseling center and emailing the only counselors that could be available, I could not arrange an i nterview with any of them. Not finding anybody in Starkville I called the counseling center at the University for Women in Columbus, MS only to find out that both of the counselors there were already booked for our class. A conversation about my project then started between a close friend of mine that goes to CBU. I mentioned that I had not been able to find an available counselor to interview. To my luck she mentioned that her professor from the previous semester was a counselor. 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Idy Yu met her husband when she was studying at university, and she moved to San Jose later. She had experienced racism in foreign countries, but she is willing to share her experiences about racism to college students because she wants people would not scoff at different races. Idy Yu is an anut who I have met at church, and she is a counselor at my church. Idy has an inner peace in her heart even thought she had not a great childhood and faced

Written Performance Concept Free Essays

Written Performance Concept Play: Translations As a director, I want to emphasise the concept of a forbidden romance which is the essential theme of the play. So in my duologue, it was important to remember my directorial intentions throughout in order for the audience to understand the complexity of the situation. ‘Translations’ was written by the Irish playwright Brian Friel in 1980, however, it is set in the 19th century in it fictional town on Baile Beag. We will write a custom essay sample on Written Performance Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brian Friel stated that ‘Translations’ is â€Å"a play about language and only about language† but it deals with a wide range of issues, stretching from language and communication to cultural imperialism. He based it in Ireland due to the fluidity of the Irish language and to make it harder for literal translation, as David Grant explains â€Å"The very nature of translation is so delicate, so unpredictable, that the only practical solution was to explore ideas in practice on the rehearsal room floor. Historical elements relevant to inform my embodiment of role would be the English’s role in taking over Ireland in the 1930’s, as most Irish were reduced to near poverty whereas the English had masses of wealth. Also, they planned to take everything of Irish importance away, such as lessons in school only being taught in English when over half of the population spoke Gaelic. To demonstrate the fact we are in a field, not many props are used except a ba le of hay we use for me to sit on and state â€Å"the grass must be wet, my feet are soaking. We decided to set it in a field as it has to be somewhere away from civilisation where no one will catch them. We are also using and Irish folk music track at the start to set the scene for the audience and give them a sense that they are in agricultural Ireland. In order to further shape and influence my character, I undertook some drama exercises to develop a deeper understanding of my character. An example would be non-verbal communication exercises where we would run through the scene once; they go through it only with the use of facial expression, proxemics and gestures. This helped me develop a joyful, but at times confused and frustrated facial expressions, for example on the line â€Å"What-What? † after Yolland states â€Å"Yes, I know your Marie, of course I know your Marie, I mean I have been watching you night and day for the past†¦Ã¢â‚¬  even though I don’t understand what he is saying, I should be able to recognize he is complimenting or saying something beautiful though facial expressions and gestures. Also to be more aware of my proxemics and levels so I don’t look superior or upright in any way and my gestures to be soft and calming, not rigid and stiff. Hot seating also helped me as we got an in depth analysis of my character and a deeper understanding of what their objectives may be is several different parts of the play. An example of this would be to ask Marie the question â€Å"How did you feel when you met George for the first time? † This helped me with my tone and voice to my subtle, sweet and lyrical. We also have to portray the hesitance between Yolland and Marie as there love isn’t only frowned upon in society because there statuses in society are at two totally different ends of the spectrum, but the love triangle between Manus, Yolland and Marie is a very problematic one. This further adds pressure to the situation and I need to be able to portray this awkwardness and lack of understanding for the audience to be able to fully connect with us as people. I also want the audience to feel empathy for our circumstances. How to cite Written Performance Concept, Papers

The Concept and Types of Planned Change-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Significance of Planned Change for the Organizations. Answer: Change is the only constant thing that is essential for improvement for the organizations. With time, it is necessary for the organizations to identify and incorporate the changes for improvement. If the organizations fail to incorporate the changes according to the market requirement, it will be difficult for them to sustain in the competitive market. It is essential for the organizations to identify the changes on a regular basis and judge the need for the change. Upon identification, the organization needs to plan the change, planning mitigates the risk of failure. This essay highlights the concept and types of planned change along with the challenges and significance of planned change for the organizations. The essay also discusses the implementation of theories and models of planned change. The responsibility of the managers is to bring and incorporate change with a vision of improvement for the organization (Mitchell, 2013). Planned change is important for the organizations to cope up with the continuous changes in different business sectors due to politics, demand of customers and the economy of the country. The concept of planned change is allowing the entire organization to be accustomed with the significant changes for the benefit of the organizational goals. As mentioned by Cummings Worley (2014), planned change is defined as the application of a structural innovation and deliberate design along with a new goal or policy or changing the existing operating philosophy, climate and style. The aforementioned changes are brought within the working principles of the organization to conduct business according to the present market scenario and demand. The planned change includes all the aspects of the organizations that are closely related such as technology, structure, people, and responsibility. Implementation of organizational planned change is a difficult and complex process. Therefore, considerable planning is required for implementing major organizational change. As mentioned by Lozano (2013), the success of the planned change depends upon the sequential way the process proceeds. The process of planned change includes recognizing the change requirement, features that requires change, planning the change, accessing the forces of change and action for implementing the change. Identifying the need for change is essential, as bringing in change without any reason will hinder the usefulness and necessity of the change (McGarry, Cashin Fowler, 2012). As identifying the requirement of change provides a clue, this step helps in analyzing further by identifying the issues due to which change is required. Planning the change allows the managers to plan how to execute the planned change (Blomme, 2012). The managers consider features such as who will bring the change, when to bring the change and how to bring the change. Assessing the change forces allow the managers to identify the driving and restraining forces and plan accordingly. After successful completion of the steps, actions need to be undertaken to implement the change. As mentioned by Waddell et al., (2013), unfreezing, changing and refreezing are the steps that need to be considered during planning the actions for change. According to Boohene Williams (2012), planned change within organizations can be brought in the field such as technology, task, structure, and people. Previously, the use of technologies was not highly used and implemented by the organizations. The majority of the tasks were performed and maintained manually. Due to this, the organizations encountered drawbacks such as mistakes and delay in proceeding with work due to manual labor. With time, the organizations have understood the benefits and requirements of technology for their business. Therefore, recently, all the organizations use technology along with manual labor for conducting their business. Technology related changes include designing, distributing and producing. For example, the technology related change allowed the organizations to introduce automated data processing devices. Based on the requirement, the organizations implement changes in terms of task that emphasize internal work motivation and high quality work perform ance. This allows the managers to motivate the employees by considering their needs and requirements that eventually enhance their performance and productivity. Structural changes are brought within the organizations to redefine the nature of relationships and positions. This includes changes in the hierarchical levels, in line staffs and functional authorities. Kurt Lewins Change model is an important theory used as a guide by the organizations to plan and implement change. As mentioned by Shirey (2013), the model consists of three stages namely, unfreezing, change and refreezing. According to the first step, an individual or an organizational issue need to cast away the old behavior that might be inappropriate, irrelevant and inadequate according to the present scenario. For example, the use of only manual labor by the industries needed to be changed, as it made the entire process time consuming and less productive. The next step, changing is the process in which the individual or the procedure used the organizations is changed. In order to do so, the individuals or the organizations need to learn the new behavior methods such as working, new thinking and perception of new roles. The final stage is refreezing that allows the individuals or the organizations to internalize the new beliefs, feelings and behavior learned during the changing p hase. At the end of the final stage, the aforementioned elements are adopted permanently. ADKAR change model can also be used by the organizations to implement the change. Managing change on the organizational and personal level requires thinking for implementing the change. As mentioned by Worley Mohrman (2014), ADKAR change model can be used to understand the significance of change at an individual level. Therefore, in order to influence change at an organizational level, the individual effect needs to be considered. The steps of ADKAR change model include awareness, desire, knowledge, ability, and reinforcement. Awareness signifies the reasons of change for the business. Desire signifies engaging the various stakeholders of the organization to be a part of the change. The various stakeholders need have adequate knowledge of making the change happen and with the ability to realize and implementing the change. Reinforcement ensures that the planned change lasts long. The process and transition of the existing operational function of an organization are complex and time-consuming. Therefore, an organization encounters several challenges to implement planned change. As mentioned by Davoudi et al., (2012), lack of detailed and visionary planning results in failure of planned change. It is often seen that the management emphasize so much in implementing the change that they fail to conduct a detailed plan. As a result, while progressing to implement the planned, they encounter several new challenges that were not considered initially. As a result, the planned change fails miserably. According to Cameron Green (2015), lack of communication also results in failure of a planned change. For example, not all the individuals might support the change planned in the operational procedure of an organization. They might have different preferences to make the change happen. Therefore, excessive decisions and lack of communication results in the failure of the planned change. At certain instances, the employees might resist the change. This is because they become comfortable with the way the business works. As a result, it I difficult for them to adapt the change though it is beneficial for the business. Therefore, the management needs to discuss in detail with the employees and convince them for the planned change. A planned change is essential for the business and the organizations to sustain in the competitive market and conduct business according to the present scenario. It might be the not essential factor for business might be completely unimportant according to todays business scenario. As mentioned by Alvesson Sveningsson (2015), planned change helps in increasing the productivity of the employees and the organization. This is because the change is required by the organization according to the present business scenario. Moreover, planned change also helps in enhancing the quality of service provided within and by the organization. For example, use of technology in the supply chain management has increased productivity and quality for the business. This has made the entire process of supply chain management less time consuming and more efficient. Incorporating planned change on a timely basis increases the customer satisfaction of the business. This is because the demands and needs of th e customers keep on changing. Therefore, if the organizations fail to change according to the ever-changing demand of the customers, they might lose customers and business. In this essay, it can be concluded that planned change is essential for the organization to sustain in the competitive market. It is defined as the systematic process of planning the change in various aspects of the organizations such as technology, task, people, and structure. In order to implement the change successfully, it is important to identify the change, elements that need to be changed, planning the change, assessing the change forces and actions undertaken to implement the change. Kurt Lewin's theory of planned change can be used as a guide for the organizations to implement the change. The steps include unfreeze, change and refreeze. Lack of communication and detailed planning of the change is the common reason of the failure of planned change. However, increasing customer satisfaction, productivity and enhancing the quality of service are the significance of considering and implementing planned change. References Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. (2015). Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Blomme, R. J. (2012). How managers can conduct planned change in self-organising systems: Actor Network Theory as a perspective to managers actions. International Journal of Business Administration, 3(5), 9. Boohene, R., Williams, A. A. (2012). Resistance to organisational change: A case study of Oti Yeboah Complex Limited. International Business and Management, 4(1), 135-145. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015). Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., Quinlan, A. E., Peterson, G. D., Wilkinson, C., ... Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience: a bridging concept or a dead end?Reframing resilience: challenges for planning theory and practice interacting traps: resilience assessment of a pasture management system in Northern Afghanistan urban resilience: what does it mean in planning practice? Resilience as a useful concept for climate change adaptation? The politics of resilience for planning: a cautionary note: edited by Simin Davoudi and Libby Porter. Planning theory practice, 13(2), 299-333. Lozano, R. (2013). Are companies planning their organisational changes for corporate sustainability? An analysis of three case studies on resistance to change and their strategies to overcome it. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 20(5), 275-295. McGarry, D., Cashin, A., Fowler, C. (2012). Child and adolescent psychiatric nursing and the plastic man: Reflections on the implementation of change drawing insights from Lewins theory of planned change. Contemporary nurse, 41(2), 263-270. Mitchell, G. (2013). Selecting the best theory to implement planned change: Improving the workplace requires staff to be involved and innovations to be maintained. Gary Mitchell discusses the theories that can help achieve this. Nursing Management, 20(1), 32-37. Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource. Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(2), 69-72. Waddell, D., Creed, A., Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. (2013). Organisational change: Development and transformation. Cengage Learning. Worley, C. G., Mohrman, S. A. (2014). Is change management obsolete?. Organizational Dynamics, 43(3), 214-224

Towards A Sustainable Community Essays - Environmentalism

Towards A Sustainable Community Not until the spread of the Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century, has man possessed the ability to adversely alter, on a global scale, the geologic and climatic cycles that have existed for millennia. Planet earth, which man calls home, is approximately 5 billion years old. The science of paleontology tells us that man is a relative new comer to the planet. Modern man did not arrive on the scene until approximately 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. Developments in hunting, agriculture, literacy, and the sciences, have allowed man to thrive and inhabit nearly every corner of the planet. However, this success has not been good for the earth. The world's population has recently surpassed 6 billion and the developed countries community models and lifestyles are not sustainable. Due to rapid, unrestrained growth, housing, shopping, and entertainment construction has spread across the surface of the planet like an oil slick. We are depleting resources and altering ecosystems at an alarming rate. Only now are we beginning to comprehend the long-term effects of more than a century of environmental ignorance, neglect, and apathy. Historically, city and community planners lacked the vision and understanding that would lead to environmentally friendly and sustainable conditions, allowing us to live in harmony with nature. This, coupled with irresponsible consumerism and poor individual choices, has led us to a crossroad. It is now clear we cannot continue to build communities that are unsustainable and we must change our lifestyles. We have arrived at the threshold of the 21st century where nothing less than a global call to action is necessary. We can continue on our current path, which will ultimately lead to severe health problems, loss of valuable resources, extinctions, and a wholesale denial of contaminated areas, or we can take positive, radical steps to break with the past. Regarding unsustainable communities and lifestyles, the blame lies mainly with two specific phenomena, American's love affair with the automobile, and the American Dream of owning a home and land outside of the city. A car-dependent lifestyle introduces numerous problems and exacerbates the dilemma of exurb migration. With so many cars on the road, they become congested, leading to the need for new, longer, and wider roads that encroach on existing ecosystems and animal habitats. With roads and highways stretching farther and farther from the city, suburbanites can now live at greater distances from the cities requiring a need for increased fossil fuel production. This increased consumption and burning of fossil fuels increases air and water pollution and contributes to the greenhouse effect. It is estimated that out of the millions of underground storage tanks of gasoline and diesel fuel across the U.S., over 300,000 have failed, contaminating the surrounding ground water tables (Ne bel, Wright 490). In the case of the fuel additive, Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE), contaminated wells have to be shut down entirely. Many cities fail to meet air-quality standards even with improved pollution controls. Vehicles are responsible for an estimated 80% of the air pollution in metropolitan regions (Nebel, Wright 581). Vehicle traffic congestion increases year after year, accounting for billions of dollars worth of lost time and productivity. From 1945 to 1980, U.S. oil consumption nearly quadrupled while the population grew by just 60 percent (Nebel, Wright 581). According to the Washington Post, the world's oil reserves will be exhausted in approximately 40 to 50 years. The American Dream of owning a home and land is something almost all Americans aspire to. However, this lifestyle is also responsible for a unique set of associated problems that contribute to a wasteful and unwise depletion of energy sources. Single family homes or detached dwellings, cost much more to heat than apartments. The paved area around all homes reduces rainfall percolation back to ground water tables. The increased run off due to the paving over of existing soil, causes erosion, and carries away surface pollutants such as lawn and garden chemicals. The unplanned communities that extend out from the cities eat up existing rich farmland, requiring food to be transported in from greater distances. The only way we are going to be able to move away from unsustainable practices and behavior is through education, inclusion, planning, and regulation. By

Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essays

Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essays Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essay Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed Essay Essay Topic: Poetry Both Two Scavengers and Nothings Changed are protesting against issues of discrimination between different classes of society and different races. In Two Scavengers Ferlinghetti is protesting against the inequalities within a democracy, and how its not democratic but more ruled by class. In Nothings Changed we are shown Africa when the apartheid law was still in place and a protest about the way black people are treated there. The imagery used by both poets highlights there protests against the unfairness of society. Two Scavengers is set in San Francisco which is meant to be a democratic society however there is a small gulf in the high seas of this democracy. The use of this metaphor emphasizes how society is still ruled by class. Ferlinghetti says the gulf is small which indicates it should be easy to cross the over to a democratic society. However, paired with the high seas, it becomes hard to cross. It is dangerous to try and break out of the different classes and it is easier and almost safer to remain in the same kind of society. The use of the word democracy is sarcastic, there shouldnt be a gulf in a democracy, especially in a place like San Francisco that should keep everyone equal. Similarly there is an invisible divide in apartheid Africa, shown in Nothings Changed, where although No sign says it is they still know where they belong. Apartheid is over when the poem had been written, however, like in Two Scavengers there is still inequality between the two classes of people. The white people still believe that the black people dont belong there. It highlights the invisible divide between the two cultures. It is meant to be equal now however the black people realize that the white people dont want them and know where they belong. Afrika uses himself in first person to speak for the whole group using the word we. Hes speaking up for the black people and although they are angry at is they accept it. Even though its not a law anymore and there is no sign the divide between them is great. Furthermore Ferlinghetti uses a simile to compare one of the garbage men to a gargoyle Quasimodo. Quasimodo was an ugly character but had a very good heart. This shows that although today society is mostly ruled by appearances, inside some people there can be kindness and compassion. A gargoyle is used to scare away evil in churches. It shows that the man protects the city by keeping it clean. He may seem insignificant and Quasimodo like, but without him the cool couple wouldnt be living in a clean city. Likewise Afrika may be suggesting that the black people are like purple flowering, amiable weeds. Weeds always come back, and can only be removed by properly digging up the roots. This suggests that the black people have roots in Africa and refuse to be taken away. Since the weeds are amiable it suggests they are friendly. The juxtaposition of calling weeds amiable highlights that appearances can be deceiving and although the black people may be trodden on they will still come back stronger each time. In both poems, Ferlinghetti and Afrika use the materials plastic and linen to accentuate the difference between rich and poor. It again shows that although there should be no difference because of race and class it still exists. In Two Scavengers the garbage men are wearing red plastic blazers as opposed to the linen suit the man in the Mercedes is wearing. This links to Nothings Changed where the poorer working mans cafi has a plastic tables top, whereas in the white peoples cafi linen falls off the table. Plastic is a cheap material that is considered unattractive. However it is very hard to tear and break which shows that although society and race considers them to be poorer than everyone else, they are stronger than others. Linen is more associated with richer, well off people. It is malleable and can be shaped into almost anything. This suggests that the richer, higher people in society do what they can to fit in. They change themselves to fit what society demands. In both poems it shows that the richer people have a lot of linen, more than what they need. The man has a three-piece linen suit and in the cafi in Nothings changed excess linen falls from the table. This shows that although its not needed the well off people need to show that they can afford it, and that they are better off than other people. The poets both structure the poems in different ways to get through there protest against inequality in there society. Ferlinghetti has no punctuation throughout the poem except for the comma in the title. The comma could stress the separation between rich and poor and how different they are. The lack of punctuation could show that the cycle is never-ending, and even though the democracy is there it is not enforced and therefore will always dictate how society is. The poem is also laid out in a fragmented way suggesting the broken nature of society. The haphazard lines could also illustrate how fragile democracy is, and how easily it could collapse. With the last word of the poem being democracy it could also suggest that society is built on democracy yet along the way things have changed causing it to become easily collapsible. The lines also overlap but never touch which shows the social divide between both rich and poor. In Nothings Changed the title and the last line of the poem are the same. Throughout the poem Afrika is describing the way that although the apartheid law is no longer in place it still dictates the way society is run, showing that at the beginning of the poem nothings changed and then at the end still nothings changed. By using it as the title and the ending line of the poem it provides a visual image for the reader showing that things are still the same. Also in the middle of the poem there is the two line stanza, No sign says it is: but we know where we belong. It is almost separate from the rest of the poem which draws the readers attention to it. It could be that this is Afrikas main point of the poem so he deliberately draws our attention to it. Both poems show the injustice in the society they live in, and how although the divide was abolished it is still there, invisible but prominent. In Two Scavengers the only thing separating the cool couple from the garbage men is the jobs they do. Both the man in the Mercedes and the young garbageman wear sunglasses, are about the same age and have long, shoulder-length hair. They are both similar yet because of social class the garbage man is considered ugly. This makes us consider the fact that they arent interchangeable. One of them has money and the other doesnt and although that is only a little detail, in a society ruled by class is become a big one. In Nothings Changed the amiable weeds are being outgrown by the Port Jackson trees. They are both plants yet because the trees are better looking, and considered less troublesome they become better than the weeds, indicating the white people are better than the black people.

Wage Setting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wage Setting - Assignment Example The hijackers might be impersonating as accident victims and when truck drivers help them, in return they hijack the trucks. Truck hijackers might even gain unauthorized entrance into areas where trucks are parked; they might kill the person responsible for the security of the trucks and then hijack the truck and escape with them. Ans. 12 The act of checking or going through the file of the victim is one of the activities that are considered necessary while an officer of a robbery case conducts a follow-up of the case. This action is considered as necessary to cheek whether the same victim has been a victim of the case of robbery before or whether he has reported such crimes against him in the past. This action is considered necessary to match the previous crimes of robbery to the current crime of robbery in which the victim is same. This is done to find similarities between old and new cases and whether a new robber has committed the crime or the victim has been robbed for more than once by the same criminal. The act of checking past records can even help figure out whether the victim himself is connected in the crime as individuals report such crimes to conduct various frauds such as insurance frauds. Chapter 14 Ans. 1 There are various dimensions of the crime of burglary, this crime is mostly witnessed in residences and this crime is witnessed or experienced after every 15 seconds in different areas. The average loss experienced by a residence due to this crime is calculated at $1,381 and the average loss experienced by nonresidential or commercial settings is calculated at $1,615 (Swanson, 2012). Out of all the cases of burglaries, 64% of the criminals conduct a forced entry; this means that the criminal uses forceful ways of entering into the target settings. Investigations have figured out that when the crime is committed in residential setting, the criminal makes an entry from the front, where as in the case of commercial settings, the criminal makes a b ack door entry. These crimes are mostly conducted when the setting or the property is not in use by the property owners or the people who live or work over there. It is even witnessed that residential settings are mostly subjected to this crime during day time and commercial settings mostly experience this crime during late hours. The rate of this crime does not vary according to different months and seasons, and the cases of this criminal act are very difficult to solve. Ans. 8 There are various signs at the crime scene that differentiate a crime of burglary conducted by a professional burglar and the same crime committed by an armature or a juvenile. In case of juvenile burglars, juvenile burglars do not conduct ample amount of planning before they make their move, they are easily arrested as compared to professional burglars, they mostly conduct crimes in shape of groups and teams and do not strike in areas or setting where they can obtain high amount of return, they might end up making mistakes such as killing members in the residence if they are confronted by household members as they are quite confused and afraid and have a quite heavy arrest history. Juvenile burglars mostly steal portable assets and assets that are easy to move such as radio, mobile phones, gaming consoles and cash. Ans. 11 Information and leads about a particular residential or a commercial setting and what can be found in these settings is obtained by burglars through various sources.

Research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research methods - Assignment Example One of the major sources that can lead to invalidity and unreliability in a research is the bias of the researcher (Baumgarten 2012). Biases in research are mainly categorized into selection bias, measurement bias, and analysis bias (CEMÂ  - Research -Â  Bias & Confounding n.d.). The present study focuses on learning about the different types on bias in research studies with specific examples for each of the types. Bias and Types of Bias in Research Studies: Bias is said to have occurred in a research when the outcomes of the research are different from the actual results. For example, if a research is focused on determining the risk of a disease and the results of the research reflect consistent overestimation of the risks, then the study can be said to have been based on bias. Design of a research is largely responsible for a bias and bias in general presents error in the same direction for a repeated number of the experiments for a particular research sample and work (World Heal th Organization 2001). Thus biases need to be reduced in order to produce a reliable and valid research. Types of Bias with Examples: Selection Bias: Selection bias is defined as the bias when some participants are favored and selected over others while sampling is conducted and the research outcomes are based on experiments conducted on such samples, thereby affecting the external validity of the research (Gravetter and Forzano 2010). It is also referred to as sampling bias. As a result of such bias, the outcome of the research reflects a systematic difference between those subjects that are included and those that are not. Thus either the results are underestimated or overestimated in terms of their statistics, rates, and ratios (Peat, Mellis and Williams 2002). This means that the study cannot be considered as reliable for use. Moreover, with different outcomes than the actual results, the validity of the research also gets reduced. An example of selection bias in research is a c omparison of patients in one hospital where a new wound dressing method is applied on them, with patients of another hospital who are offered the standard method of treatment. In such a case the possibility of selection bias is significantly high since different patients in different hospitals differ in their social and biological characteristics. Thus such a research is exposed to selection bias (Stommel and Wills 2004). Allocation bias is a type of selection bias that occurs when there is a difference in the characteristics of the different samples put in different trial groups of a particular research experiment, and has significant influence on the outcomes of the research (Peat, Mellis and Williams 2002). Measurement Bias: Measurement bias is defined as the bias that occurs when biases or errors occur in the process of measurement and calculations of the data based on which the results are obtained. Such biases can result from erroneous tools of measurement, errors in calculati ons, errors while measurements are recorded, participant bias, recall bias, and so on (Howlett, Rogo and Shelton 2013). For example, if dietary recalls are considered for a 24 hours time period, then measurement biases can occur with the methods of the interview, the assumptions of coding, or

Development of an Entrenched Constitution

Development of an Entrenched Constitution How Entrenched or rigid should a states Constitution be? A constitution is defined as a frame of political society, organised through and by law; that is to say one in which law has established permanent institutions with recognised functions and definitive rights (Wolf-Phillips, 1972:7). Thus a Constitution in itself is a legal framework through and by which a state is governed. This essay will asses factors that benefit and hinder constitutions based upon their depth of entrenchment. An entrenched constitution will usually be derived from a single codified document which will itself set special procedure Different from that needed to amendment of extra constitutional law, (Wolf- Philips, 1968: xiv) to allow amendments to be made. These codified constitutions are thus often difficult to amend due to the checks and balances built into the constitutional amendment procedure, to protect existing systems and institutions from radical short term ideas. Conversely less entrenched constitutions are demonstrated through uncodified constitutions. These constitutions that outline the rules by which government and society function are not contained within a single document but are instead set out in a variety of forms, from statute law, to general conventions and also respected and influential academic writings. Here it is the case that no special procedures are required for amendment (Norton, 1982:9). This essay will attempt to argue that equilibrium needs to be established between entrenchment and flexibility, to ensure that basic civil rights of citizens are outlined and entrenched, but that ultimately the hands of democratically elected persons should not be tied when taking important decisions by an overarching entrenched document smothering any political or societal advancement. A major and frequent criticism of an entrenched constitution derives from their very defining factor, namely that they are difficult to change and amend (Hague, 2007:261). This Critique is based upon the fact that as society changes, new challenges are faced by politics and that untimely a constitution constructed in some cases centuries before will not adapt and evolve to these needs and thus may become constrictive to generations requiring decision not explicitly contained within the document. An example of a constitutional principle that illustrates this immovable nature of entrenched constitutions is the Basic Law of Germany where any proposed changes to articles, one and twenty are inadmissible. Thus it is both theoretically and practically impossible for any changes to be made to these two articles that ensure Germanys Federal system and outline basic human rights of the German citizens. This explicit entrenchment although may be critiqued due to its cemented nature has to be taken in the context of the specific state to evaluate whether this ultimate entrenchment is justified. The German constitution was formed following the defeat of Hitlers fascism throughout Europe. Following this time of great instability it was agreed that the principle of decentralised administrative and governmental authority, (Wolf- Phillips, 1968:24) should be the key principle of any future German political system. This entrenched federalism was designed to stop future authoritarian governme nts taking power as power would now be distributed throughout the state. In this case the entrenchment of certain clauses within a constitution may be Justified due to the individual provenance of a state thus possibly undermining the critique that cementing certain clauses prevents organic evolution of a states political system. Instead entrenchment aids in protecting and guaranteeing certain standards government and society and thus ensuring if not political development, political stability. Although the above example highlights an instance where entrenchment of certain clauses may be beneficial in maintaining stability of government, not all clauses seem as rational to be entrenched as the ones described above. A Constitution that may be critiqued for its apparent outdated nature due to its arguably over entrenchment is the United States Constitution. The second article amending the Constitution affirms citizens rights to keep and bear arms (Wolf- Philips, 1968:213). This example highlights the exact problem with having a too entrenched constitution. When this specific article of the constitution was framed into law in 1791, the need for the individual to protect themselves against attack from others or indeed an over powerful state was no doubt a legitimate reason to allow for citizens to carry firearms. However, many would argue that this article is outdated and also irrational not least due to Americas stature as proprietor of modern day democratic values. Although in theory this article could be changed through a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress and approval by three-quarters of the states (Hague, 2007: 263), this type of amendment is very unlikely to take place however due to the separated American political system with three branches of government, often of different ideological stances vowing for influence cou pled with notoriously weak party allegiances making the legislative process very inefficient. In this case a too entrenched document can be seen as protecting irrational out of date clauses thus weakening the argument for entrenched constitutions. On the other hand however this feature of entrenched constitutions as housing outdated yet immovable clauses can be seen as a great strength in ensuring law abides to civil rights of individuals. For example the first 12 amendments to be made to the Constitution of the United States are known as the Bill of Rights, these amendments guarantee freedoms and explicit rights of all Citizens of the Union (Mckeever, 1999: 46). A constitution containing explicit rights to citizens entrenched in the same way as the US Constitution ensure that it would be virtually impossible to neglect these rights in any laws proposed by government. This entrenchment of rights within a constitution may be particularly useful in states with very diverse populations where the rights of many different groups need to be protected both from government and others by an entrenched constitution outlining protection of minorities. Flexible Constitutions however often lack this explicit definition of human rights. Britain lacks a bill of rights, (Norton, 1982: 245) thus in theory, parliament has the legal ability to sacrifice rights of citizens due to the lack of an entrenched document protecting liberty of citizens. Therefore for many human rights activist groups an entrenched bill of rights is paramount to any modern state to outline citizens basic rights and to limit government power over the individual, thus strengthening the argument for more entrenched constitutions. Another potential strength of entrenched constitutions is their ability to be interpreted and thus viewed in a more flexible light. This occurs through processed carried out by Supreme and Constitutional courts. For example the Supreme Court in the USA makes decision based upon the interpretation of the constitution in modern day circumstance. This process to some extent can provide a constitution that although may have been framed centuries earlier, relevance to modern day circumstance through interpretation. This interpretation allows a historic document to act as a relevant legal framework with application to modern society. Within American political institutions the Supreme court is the final arbiter of the meaning of the Constitution (McKay, 2005:281), this strengthens the concept of an entrenched constitution as ultimately the constitution, although entrenched still allows flexibility and relevance through open interpretation by a supreme law interpreting body. (McKay, 2005:51) The British Constitution is largely regarded as one of the most flexible or least entrenched constitutions largely due to its uncodified nature. The British Constitution requires no special amendment procedure and can be altered by any piece of statute law. This has led the British constitution to be labelled as a living organism of perpetual growth and change (Norton, 1982:23). This fluid nature allows the constitution to grow and react to changes in society which allows the constitution to directly combat short term problems that may face the state. An example this organic nature can be derived from legislative procedure following the London terrorist bombings in July 2005. Here members of parliament voted to extend the detention of terror suspects to 28 days. This action in many states with entrenched constitutions would have been in opposition to principles set within the Bill of Rights. For example the USA Constitution stipulates that No person shall be held to answer for a capital and be informed of the nature and cause of their accusation. (Finer, 1995: 117). Thus any changes that are to be made to detention time without charge in the USA would be subject to great scrutiny to assess whether any increase is accepted within the nature of the constitution. Here we can see one of the possible weaknesses of an entrenched constitution in reacting to new threats as cases where supposed terror suspects may need to be held for longer gaining protection from a constitution failing to evolve to meet modern day threats, thus providing potential strength for a less entrenched and more reactionary constitution. Despite this ability for less entrenched constitutions to react to short term issues within society, many defenders of more entrenched documents see the ability to place civil liberties under threat so easily through a simple change in ordinary legislation as a terminal flaw of flexible easily modified constitutions. The stability and uniform nature of age old, entrenched documents has the same effect on law and society that is not too be too reactionary and volatile. Many groups have critiqued the 28 day detention without charge holding period as fundamentally against individuals civil liberties but have little formal ways to attack such policies due to the none entrenchment of civil liberties within the constitution. Overall we can see that both Entrenched and more flexible constitutions have strengths and weaknesses. Entrenched constitutions can become outdated and restrictive on dealing with current issues through a difficult amendment procedure. However, their entrenchment can provide a state with stability which is especially useful after revolution or war. Entrenched Constitutions have the benefit of protecting the explicit right of citizens within a Bill of Rights. On the other hand a more flexible constitution can evolve and grow as society changes around it. This helps politicians to not feel constrained to deal with current issues that face society. Despite this a flexible constitution may be reactionary and dangerous if not employed in the right type of system resulting in the possible abuse of civil liberties for short term reactionary policies. Here it is arguable that the type of Constitution a state employs largely depends on the circumstances within that individual sate. For example it is easy to see that post World War Two Germany required an entrenched constitution which guaranteed the separation of powers and human rights for citizens. On the other hand however Britain has arguably been a great promoter of democratic values where a more flexible constitution is seen as a virtue through the ability to change and amend the direction of the state without the need for ultimate written entrenchment. In conclusion it will be offered that although a state should always have some written and entrenched articles largely relating to the human rights of citizens, constitutional formulation should always based upon individual circumstance that dictates the extent a constitution should be entrenched. In an entrenched constitution however it must always be the case that a supreme court is present to interpret the Constitution for application to individual cases to keep the constitution relevant and living in modern society. References Finer S E, Bogdanor Vernon, Rudden Bernard (1995), Comparing Constitutions, New York: Oxford University press. Hague Rod, Harrop Martin (1982) seventh edition (2007), Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. McKay David (1983), Sixth edition (2005), American Politics and Society, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. McKeever Robert, Zvesper John, Maidment Richard (1999), Politics USA, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Norton Philip (1982), The Constitution in Flux, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Phillips-Wolf Leslie (1968), Constitutions of Modern States, London: Pall Mall Press. Phillips-Wolf Leslie (1972), Studies in Comparative Politics: Comparative Constitutions, London: Government and Opposition. Bibliography Finer S E, Bogdanor Vernon, Rudden Bernard (1995), Comparing Constitutions, New York: Oxford University press. Garner, Robert. Ferdinand Peter. Lawson Stephanie (2009), Introduction to Politics, New York: Oxford University press. Hague Rod, Harrop Martin (1982) seventh edition (2007), Comparative Government and Politics: An Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. King Anthony (2007), The British Constitution, New York: Oxford University Press. McKay David (1983), Sixth edition (2005), American Politics and Society, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. McKeever Robert, Zvesper John, Maidment Richard (1999), Politics USA, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Mount Ferdinand (1993), The British Constitution Now: Recovery or Decline, London: Mandarin Paperbacks. Norton Philip (1982), The Constitution in Flux, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Phillips-Wolf Leslie (1968), Constitutions of Modern States, London: Pall Mall Press. Phillips-Wolf Leslie (1972), Studies in Comparative Politics: Comparative Constitutions, London: Government and Opposition. Sunstein Cass (2001), Designing Democracy: What Constitutions Do, New York: Oxford University Press.

Peer Presure Essay

â€Å"Peer Pressure is an influence that creates or the desire for change.† Most teenagers agree that they will follow a peer’s decision rather than their parents’ or the authority’s. Peers are more influential in a teen’s life and tend to have more power than parents. Peer pressure has always been present and will also always be present. It is not a disease or a crime, it is merely and influence; either a negative or a positive one. WHAT IS NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE? Negative peer pressure is an influence exerted on a person to do something wrong. This may be stealing, drugs or other. If someone influences you into doing something like this it is considered negative peer pressure. We can help reduce peer pressure by teaching coping skills at an early age. Many teenagers who give in easily to negative pressures had a difficult child hood; low self-esteem, feeling of not belonging, poor communication and judgmental skills. HOW TO RECOGNIZE NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE Negative peer pressure gives something significant to teenagers. The group is a place where one feels accepted, where he can feel good about himself, where he feels secure. It increases his self esteem, and it also enhances his self-image. SOME NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE AREAS Negative peer pressure can often be observed in areas such as:+ Sexuality+ Narcotics+ Alcohol+ Cults+ Groups and gangs+ Tobacco products+ Stealing+ School+ Etc†¦ THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PEER PRESSURE During adolescence, a teenager is subjected to lots of peer pressure. This pressure can effect the child mentally, physically and socially. Some of the effects on a person when dealing with negative peer pressure are: Low Self-Esteem: This is the main and most common effect. When a person’s peers mock him/her, or make them feel bad, this person becomes insecure. They begin to feel down and rejected. They feel as if they are worthless to the world. And anybody who has experienced this at one time or another knows that this is one of, if not the, worst feeling you can possess. Substance Abuse: Peers often pressure one another to do something they do not want to do. Offering drugs or alcohol is very common during adolescence. And after constant persisting, and insisting that â€Å"everyone is doing it† and that â€Å"it’s cool to do so† one gives into this horrible disease. And more often than not, a person can become addicted and dependent on this substance. Obsessions or Depression: People are often subjected to constant portrayals of what you are SUPPOSED to look like or act. If a person sees people that are always thin and happy, one becomes obsessed with that image, and thinks that if they do not look or act that way, that nobody will love them. So these people turn to such eating diseases as bulimia nervosa (regurgitating after one eats) or anorexia nervosa (eating too little). They also become seriously depressed and feel that life is not worth living, and think about or attempt committing suicide. Other actions: Teenagers also conform to the people around them very easily and quickly. If a friend decides to skip school, sometimes you decide to join him. However you may think it’s your decision, but in fact it is this person pressuring you simply by implanting the thought into your mind. This is also true for lying to teachers and parents etc., not doing homework/schoolwork and cheating on tests. WHY DO TEENS GIVE IN TO PEER PRESSUREPeople give in to Peer pressure for many different reasons. One of these reasons is low self-esteem. People with low self-esteem, will do almost anything to become a cool guy. Others give in to peer pressure, because people they think are cool say to do something. These people are just hurting themselves, because if that person is really cool, he isn’t going to make you cool, because you are his little helper. Peer pressure is present in one’s life as long as they have peers (school, workplace,†¦). Therefore, it is normal for a person to give in to peer pressure. At the beginning of teenage years, teens develop a sense of independence from their parents. Teens want to shape their identity and experiment new things. One may join a group if he is insecure about himself or if he has low self-esteem or self-worth. SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-WORTHSelf-Esteem and Self-Worth affect people very deeply. When peer pressure is exerted on people with low self-esteem the reaction is often the same. A person with low esteem for himself will try to raise his self-esteem but often in the wrong way. When someone changes his personality to conform with what others expect from them will always hurt them in the end.Teens must understand that the choices they make today will absolutely affect their future. Teens must also realise that their future is much more important than simply pleasing their friends today. Some things that you or your parents could do to build someones self-esttem are:+ Have frequent discussions with friends or children + Spend quality time with them+ Keep you eyes and ears open for new ways to offer support+ Respect their feelings and encourage him or her to share them with you+ Share your own beliefs and values+ Explain that you learned from your mistakes+ Encourage achievement but avoid adding undue pressure+ Always offer praise when your friends make good decisions HOW TO RESIST PEER PRESSUREThere are many different ways by which one may resist peer pressure. One very effective way is by simply saying ‘no’. Often we feel that they will persist but often an affirmative ‘no’ is enough. However, we must express clearly our choice, we mustn’t express the least sign of indecision. You may also walk away from the situation, no matter how much you want to fit in. You must realise that you are the one who makes the decisions for yourself, not your peers. If you feel uncomfortable with the people you are with, consider finding new friends, some which have a good reputation, which would eliminate any negative pressure. Another alternative would be to hang around many different types of people. That way you reduce the chances of being pressured. It is good to set yourself goals knowing that everything you do affects your future. WHY DO PEER GROUPS HAVE POWERThe main reason why peer groups have so much power over individuals is that they give something significant to a person such as self-esteem, security or even enhances their self-image. Peer groups are so powerful, they overcome the morals of family and society. Teenagers tend to go toward other teens with similar problems and in the same situation as they are. There is a very strong desire to satisfy the need for unity and acceptance. This causes peers to have more influence than parents. THE IMPORTANCE OF PEER PRESSURE Peer pressure plays a very influential role in our everyday lives. It affects, not only adolescents, but children, teens, adults, even senior citizens. Although some people think they aren’t affected by peer pressure, almost everyone is. Resisting even the smallest things is very hard. Peer pressure, affects the way we speak, walk, dress, act, our attitudes, who we hang out with, our friends, and what we do. Although peer pressure is often negative, but along with that negative, is also the positive. Peers, can make you do the smallest things, yet still be a large influence. Although most of the effects heard about are negative, the world would be a much different place without peer pressure, and not necessarily for the better. How would a world of individuals get together? If one group of individuals and another, can’t get together, and therefore proclaim war. How could a couple billion individuals survive together? Nevertheless, some things would get better. If many teenagers start smoking because of peer pressure, without it, fewer teens would probably be smoking. Could we survive without peer pressure? If there were no peer pressure, many things would be changed, the way we speak to friends, would be changed dramatically. We wouldn’t be able to say such common things as, â€Å"Those shoes are really cool,† because they could interpret this be a friend, to mean that wearing those shoes is cool, therefore being pressured. As you can see, peer pressure plays a very important role in our everyday lives. Without it, no one would be the same, a world of total individuals, who didn’t listen to what anyone had to say about everything. Yet with it, a world where teens start smoking at the age of 12, having babies at the age of 14, and stealing to get money to buy drugs at 18. IS PEER PRESSURE REALLY THAT BAD? We’ve established the fact that peer pressure affects everyone, but is it really that bad? There are many, many examples of disastrous consequences to peer pressure. Following is the example of David Duren. David Duren is awaiting execution on Alabama death row. For the last couple years he been asking himself: â€Å"What am i doing here?† By piecing together the events in his life. He says that his real problem was growing up with peer pressure. â€Å"I was a skinny little weekling, a straight kid.† So, for company and fun he hung out with the kids in his apartment complex. He wasn’t accepted at first because he didn’t smoke, drink or curse. But he discovered that if he wanted to fit in he had to do all those things. So, at age 12, he inhaled his first cigarette, drank his first beer, smoked his first joint of pot, and cursed regularly. He then discovered that by succumbing to peer pressure, he surrounded himself with so-called friends who smoked, drank, did drugs and cursed. Bye exposing yourself to the drug world you discover many, many different drugs. Then suddenly, he wasn’t just smoking pot, he was crushing Quaaludes and mixing it with his pot. He then discovered his favorite drug, LSD. He was doing it even when in the army on the average of four or five times a week. One night, he killed a 16 year old girl while he was doing LSD. â€Å"Why All because I gave in to peer pressure! That’s where it all started.† He explains. † Your friends can make you or break you.† David Duren now wishes he had taken the advice of 1Corinthians 15:33, â€Å"Do not be deceived: bad companions corrupt good morals.† Peer pressure is one of the major reasons that teens abuse illegal drugs. Peer pressure is when another person in this age group persuades someone else to do something they don’t want to do. (Williams, Rob) This happens often among friends. In Alcohol, Stepney discuses children mimicking or idealizing friends, family, or T.V. Most people use peer pressure every day. A typical phrase is when someone says, â€Å"It will be fun, trust me.† This could be harmless pressure to try something like a new movie, or a new brand of cookies. It could also be pressure to abuse illegal drugs. Peer pressure is often used in harmful ways. (Doe, John) Teens at a party want to fit in. Many find it is very hard to say no when their peers are doing drugs. It may seem easy to say no, but when a teen feels pressured and wants to fit in, most teens try the drugs in the end. Another form of peer pressure is reverse psychology. This is making it look good for you although it’s bad. If someone changes sides all of a sudden, a teen may change to the other side as well thinking it was their own idea. Greed, according to an electronic source, is another reason for drug abuse among teens, as they get others hooked and sell to them to pay for their own habit. (Guillermo D. Jalil) Peer pressure is probably the main reason most teens abuse illegal drugs. During puberty, many teens suffer with depression. Depression is when a teen is not happy with themselves for real or imagined reasons. They may be suffering from low self-esteem or torment by others, leading to not being happy with their appearance or other physical features. Many teens go through periods of moodiness, inner turmoil, and rebellion (Gilbert, Sara). Depression may also occur in a teen due to family problems. A teen may think a divorce is coming due to parental behavior but the parents may not be thinking that. In How to Live With a Single Parent, Sara Gilbert says, â€Å"It could be worse (29).† This refers to a parent talking about a teen’s father’s death. Family problems are stressful and this stress can lead to depression, thoughts of suicide, and the abuse of illegal drugs. Stress is a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension (Williams, Rob). When adolescents go through a lot of stress they just want the problems to go away. Some abuse mind-expanding drugs, which make them forget for the time being. According to â€Å"Getting High in Junior High†, youth today are rapidly changing (Doe, John). Many teens do not seem to be able to handle the changes. When they become sober again, they may become depressed. They still have the worries and emotional problems they used to. Loneliness is a feeling many teens go through. Adolescents go through this because during their teen years they become more independent. This causes them to change their lifestyle. Changing lifestyles means they may stay in or out of the house more. They may not hang out with friends as often (Gilbert, Sara). Teens sometimes abuse drugs to pass their time because they are lonely. They do this because it makes them feel good for a short time. Nody Labi writes in â€Å"Amiss Among the Amish† for Time magazine, of an Amish college student saying, â€Å"The ‘thrills’ are not really satisfying. The stability in the Amish community looks more worthwhile† (Labi, Nodi). This Amish college student realized the stability of her community was more satisfying than the thrills of abusing illegal drugs.

Research CSS (level 1) vs. CSS3 Essay

The latest version of CSS is the CSS3 version which basically differs from CSS2 in the incorporation of Modules and other changes. Modules enable the designing to be done in a lesser time with more ease while updating individual features and specifications. The CSS3 version supports many more browsers than CSS2, but make sure it works on all operating systems and browsers. Other major changes include CSS Selectors which CSS2 had simple selectors and the new version calls the components as a sequence of simple selectors. Pseudo elements because many Pseudo elements have been added that allow in-depth yet easy styling. Also a new convention of double colons ‘::’ has been introduced. Style properties let multiple background images be layered in the box using different elements like background image position and repeat. Border style is the styling of borders that extended to images and rounded designs which includes creating image of the borders and then automatically apply image to the borders through CSS. Additions in Properties include border-radius, image-source, image-slice, and the values for width outset and stretch have been added in CSS3. It also features properties for managing boxes like shadowing, wrapping and breaking have been added. The best part of CSS3 is that it has done away with complex structures for div tag and makes it easy for hassle free designing of multiple table-less columns. This can be simply done by putting in the number of columns in the browser that need to be added in the body element along with their width, color and height to make the text flow through the columns with ease.